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摘要:
地处青藏高原东缘的四川盆地是一个群山环绕的叠合型沉积盆地，蕴含着丰富的地热资源。四川盆地具有突变型和渐变型两类盆山结构，二者的构造样式存在明显差异，对盆地及周缘的水热型地热资源分布具有明显的控制作用。通过解析盆地及周缘地质构造，明确了盆地不同构造单元的构造样式；详细对比分析已有的地热勘查案例的异同性，提出了褶皱型、单斜型和褶皱—断裂复合型等3大类水热型地热资源的构造成因模式；认为四川盆地形成与演化过程中，构造运动与水热型地热资源的形成密切相关，主要表现在：1）频繁不均匀升降运动导致构造—沉积格局分异，控制着地热储盖层岩性、组合及区域展布；2）构造抬升形成的不整合面和古岩溶作用极大改善了地热储层的孔渗物性和流体输导能力，形成了优质的碳酸盐岩孔洞型热储；3）断裂可能是地下热水的补给通道和输导系统，亦或是阻隔屏障，取决于断裂类型和断层两盘岩性配置关系；4）地下热水易于沿具走滑分量断层和张性断层进行补给和输导。
Abstract:The Sichuan Basin located in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is a superimposed sedimentary basin surrounded by mountains and contains abundant geothermal resources. There are two types of basin-mountain structures in Sichuan Basin: abrupt change type and gradual change type. The tectonic styles of the two types are obviously different, which control the distribution of geothermal resources in the basin and its periphery. The tectonic styles of different tectonic units of the basin are analyzed. Detailed comparisons and analysis of the differences of geothermal exploration cases are used to find their formation mechanism. Three tectonic genesis models of geothermal resources are proposed: fold type, monocline type and fold-fault compound type. It is believed that tectonic movement is closely related to the formation of geothermal resources during the process of the formation and evolution of Sichuan Basin. Firstly, frequent uplift and descend lead to structural and sedimentary differentiation, which controls the lithology, assemblage and regional distribution of geothermal reservoir and cap rocks. Secondly, the unconformity caused by tectonic uplift and paleokarstification greatly improve the porosity and permeability of geothermal reservoirs and fluid transport capacity, and form high-quality carbonate reservoirs. Thirdly, the fault may be a recharge channel and transport system of geothermal water or a barrier, depending on the type of fault and the lithologic configuration of its both sides. Finally, groundwater is easy to recharge and transport along strike-slip and/or normal fault.
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Key words:
- Geological structure /
- Structural style /
- Geothermal reservoir /
- Geothermal water /
- Sichuan Basin
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图 1
四川盆地及周缘造山带地形地貌图
Figure 1.
Geomorphic map of Sichuan Basin and peripheral orogenic belts
图 2
四川盆地及周缘地质图和水热型地热资源分布
Figure 2.
Geological map and distribution of geothermal resources in Sichuan Basin and its periphery
图 8
川东高陡构造带地质剖面图J-J'和K-K'（剖面位置见图 1；J-J'剖面据邹玉涛等，2015；K-K'剖面据郭卫星等，2021）
Figure 8.
Two sections of the eastern Sichuan Basin (section location in Fig. 1, J-J' section from Zou et al., 2015; K-K' section from Guo et al., 2021)
图 9
地热背斜成因模式图（据李晓等，2017修改）
Figure 9.
The genetic model of anticline for geothermal resource (modified after Li et al., 2017)
图 10
地热向斜成因模式图（a. 据邓亚东等，2013修改；b. 据姜本鸿等，1993）
Figure 10.
The genetic model of syncline for geothermal resource (a, modified after Deng et al., 2013; b, after Jiang et al., 1993)
图 11
川南地区连续褶皱型地热模式图（据肖汉全，2009修改）
Figure 11.
The genetic model of fold belts for geothermal resource in southern Sichuan Basin (modified after Xiao, 2009)
图 13
绵阳安县罗浮山温泉断裂—褶皱复合成因模式图（据罗敏等，2016修改）
Figure 13.
The genetic model of faults and folds for geothermal resource in the Luofushan hot spring in Mianyang City (modified after Luo et al., 2016)
图 14
四川盆地西南缘断裂—褶皱复合成因模式图
Figure 14.
The genetic model of faults and folds for geothermal resource in southwest margin of the Sichuan Basin
图 15
重庆石耶司温泉断裂—褶皱复合成因模式图
Figure 15.
The genetic model of faults and folds for geothermal resource in Shiyesi hot spring in Chongqing City
图 16
四川盆地储层盖层与盆地演化关系（据Zhu et al., 2016）
Figure 16.
The relationship between the reservoir and cap sequences and the evolution of Sichuan Basin (after Zhu et al., 2016)
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