NEW DENTAL REMAINS OF RHINOCEROS FUSUIENSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GIGANTOPITHECUS BLACKI FROM THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE CHONGZUO CAVES, GUANGXI, SOUTH CHINA
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摘要:
广西崇左地区第四纪喀斯特溶洞发育，洞穴堆积中常含有丰富的哺乳动物化石，十余年的地质古生物调查中已发现多处第四纪不同时期的含有步氏巨猿（Gigantopithecus blacki）的洞穴化石点，共生的动物群中，独角犀（Rhinoceros）是化石数量最多、演化特征最显著的种类之一，对生物地层和环境变化有重要的指示意义。本文系统研究了产自崇左早更新世的鲤鱼山百孔洞和泊岳山巨猿洞的独角犀新材料，依据化石牙齿的大小和基本形态特征将其归入化石扶绥犀（Rhinoceros fusuiensis）；此外，通过化石种和现生种冠高指数的比较研究表明，扶绥犀很可能栖息于温暖潮湿的森林环境中，这与现存于东南亚的苏门答腊犀的生活环境接近。扶绥犀是一种生存于早更新世早期（2.5~1.8Ma B.P.）的独角犀化石种，它往往与步氏巨猿（G. blacki）、中华乳齿象（Sinomastodon）、桑氏硕鬣狗（Pachycrocuta licenti）、小种大熊猫（Ailuropoda microta）或武陵山大熊猫（A. wulingshanensis）以及山原貘（Tapirus sanyuanensis）或中国貘（T. sinensis）等动物共生，主要分布于中国南方，尤以广西地区最为集中。
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关键词:
- 广西崇左 /
- 早更新世 /
- 独角犀属 /
- 巨猿-中华乳齿象动物群 /
- 扶绥犀
Abstract:Quaternary karst caves in the Zuojiang River area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China are known to contain Pleistocene rich fossil records. These include unique finds of the primate Gigantopithicus blacki as well as a diverse associated vertebrate fauna dominated by mammalian remains with different ages. The Baikong Cave of Liyu Mountain and Juyuan Cave of Boyue Mountain are both located in the vicinity of the Chongzuo Ecological Park in the Zuojiang River area, Guangxi.
Baikong Cave(22°17'45.3"N, 107°29'54.42"E) is located on the western slope of Liyu Mountain near Banrong Village, about 3km north of the Chongzuo Ecological Park. Baikong Cave is a large tubular karst cave, and the elevation of the cave entrance is 216m a.s.l. It is the highest cave in the area with G. blacki remains. The Baikong fauna is characterized by the appearance of several relic Neogene genera(e.g. Sinomastodon and Hesperotherium), and some primitive species during the Pleistocene, such as Ailuropoda microta, Sinomastodon jiangnanensis, Pachycrocuta licenti, and Tapirus sanyuanensis. Paleomagnetic analyses demonstrate that the fossil-bearing sediments in Baikong Cave are dominated by a reversed polarity. Combining the biochronological and magnetostratigraphic evidence, the Baikong sediments can be best correlated with the pre-Olduvai Matuyama reverse chron, which has an estimated minimum age of 2.0Ma. Juyuan Cave(22°17'21.9"N, 107°30'40.1"E) is located on the eastern slope of Boyue Mountain, near the entrance of the Chongzuo Ecological Park. The elevation of the cave entrance is 206m a.s.l. The Boyue fauna is characterized by the co-occurrence of G. blacki, Pachycrocuta licenti, Ailuropoda wulingshanensis, Tapirus sanyuanensis and Sinomastodon yangziensis. The paleomagnetic data show that the fossil-bearing sediments in Juyuan Cave are of normal polarity. Combining the faunal analysis and magnetostratigraphic evidence, the Juyuan sediments can be best correlated with the Olduvai normal subchron, giving an estimated age of 1.8Ma.
Fossil Rhinoceros is regarded as one of the most common faunal elements in Southern China during Quaternary. Recently, a large number of Rhinoceros dental remains from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave(Chongzuo, Guangxi)have been described as Rhinoceros fusuiensis(Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia). The present study aims to provide a detailed morphological study of the additional Rhinoceros materials from Baikong and Juyuan caves, as well as their implications for Quaternary biostratigraphy and paleoenviromental changes in Southern China. Here, a total of 38 new Rhinoceros dental remains are described as R. fusuiensis based on the relatively small size and morphological characteristics. The comparison of hypsodonty index from extinct and extant rhinos suggests that R. fusuiensis very likely lived in a tropical forested environment with the humid and warm climate, which is similar to the environment of the living Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from Southeast Asia. In summary, the fossil R. fusuiensis lived during the early Early Pleistocene(2.5~1.8Ma B.P.)and was usually associated with other typical mammals during the early Early Pleistocene, such as Gigantopithecus blacki, Sinomastodon, Pachycrocuta licenti, Ailuropoda microta(or A. wulingshanensis)and Tapirus sanyuanensis(or T. sinensis). Moreover, the geographic distribution of R. fusuiensis is mainly limited to the south of the Yangtze River, especially concentrating in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
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Key words:
- Chongzuo /
- Guangxi /
- Early Pleistocene /
- Rhinoceros /
- Gigantopithecus-Sinomastodon fauna
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图 1
广西崇左生态公园周边的鲤鱼山百孔洞、泊岳山巨猿洞以及其他巨猿化石点
Figure 1.
Geographical distribution of Baikong cave of Liyu Mountain, Juyuan cave of Boyue Mountain and other Gigantopithecus cave sites in the vicinity of the Chongzuo Ecological Park, Guangxi
图 2
广西崇左鲤鱼山百孔洞中的扶绥犀化石
Figure 2.
Fossil teeth of Rhinoceros fusuiensis from Baikong cave of Liyu Mountain, Chongzuo, Guangxi. (A)left DP1(V22698.01), (B)left DP3(V22698.02), (C)left M2(V22698.08), (D)left M3(V22698.09); A1~D1, occlusal view, A2~D2, buccal view
图 3
鲤鱼山百孔洞的扶绥犀与其他犀类颊齿大小的散点图
Figure 3.
Scatter diagram of cheek teeth of Rhinoceros fusuiensis from Baikong cave of Liyu Mountain and other rhinos. There are four types of rhino showing in the figure: green for R. sondaicus, cyan for R. sinensis, purple for R. fusuiensis from Yanliang cave, black for R. fusuiensis from Baikong cave, brown for Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. L for length of teeth, W for width of teeth
表 1
广西崇左扶绥犀新材料的上颊齿测量(mm)
Table 1.
Measurements of upper cheek teeth of Rhinoceros fusuiensis from Chongzuo, Guangxi(mm)
标本号 牙齿 长 前宽 后宽 前尖高 V22698.01 DP1 25.2 17.9 V22698.02 DP3 41 38.7 35.9 31.5 V22679.02 DP3 39 39 36 V22698.04 M1 50 56.4 47.5 V22698.07 M1 52.7 V22698.08 M2 53.8 57.3 47.4 V22698.09 M3 50.1 48.2 39 
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表 2
广西崇左扶绥犀新材料的下颊齿测量(mm)
Table 2.
Measurements of lower cheek teeth of Rhinoceros fusuiensis from Chongzuo, Guangxi(mm)
标本号 牙齿 长 前宽 后宽 下后尖高 下内尖高 V22698.10 dp2 37.9 16.2 19.8 V22698.11 dp2 34.6 15.1 17.6 V22698.12 dp2 19.3 V22698.13 dp3 38.2 18.1 17.9 24 19.5 V22698.14 dp3 40.4 20.6 19.4 17.5 13.6 V22698.15 dp4 39.2 19.2 20.6 24.6 24.3 V22698.16 dp4 41.3 18 20.2 V22698.17 dp4 39 19.7 20.5 V22698.18 p3 29.5 18.1 18.6 V22698.19 p3 34.3 17.7 20.5 V22698.21 p3 19 18.7 V22679.05 p3 30 18 17 V22698.22 p4 35.8 20.3 22.1 V22698.23 p4 37.9 18.7 21.7 V22698.24 p4 22.3 21.3 V22698.25 m1 29.9 21.8 24.7 V22698.26 m1 24 V22698.27 m1 25.4 V22698.28 m2 41.3 24.3 27.3 V22698.29 m2 35.5 23.9 26.8 V22698.30 m2 37.5 23.6 25.4 V22698.31 m2 44.3 25.6 24.9 V22698.32 右m2 26.9 V22698.33 右m3 46.2 24.7 25
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