RESEARCH ON AN SEASONAL ANCIENT CAMP SITE AT ТРОИЦКАЯ, SIBERIA
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摘要:
特罗伊茨卡亚遗址位于俄罗斯中西伯利亚南部，处于北冰洋水系最大河流叶尼塞河中游右岸的二级阶地，是大型江河中游地形开阔的平缓阶地，地理坐标为55°10'46"N，92°04'50"E。遗址中出土有以石片为原型（毛坯），使用锤击法单层打击加工，生产出以小型凸刃刮削器为主体的石制品组合。遗址距今时代为27ka。遗址出土的哺乳动物骨骼化石，其动物种类全部属于梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）。动物骨骼化石均比较破碎，但可代表梅花鹿主要肢体的残骸化石均有，唯独缺少了鹿角。梅花鹿遗骸的综合分析工作，显示该遗址是在春季中期至夏季初期（4~6月）鹿角脱落时节，古人类利用梅花鹿过冬之后集群于近水盐碱地舔舐盐碱的生活规律，设计了有目的的专业狩猎计划。该遗址古人类捕猎活动，是针对梅花鹿而进行的规模性捕猎生产。遗址中所出土骨骼化石具有严重破碎的特征，反映该地点古人类对动物资源开发和利用非常重视，从获取兽肉、提取动物骨髓等多方面，进行生活资料的提取和利用。遗址古居民非常重视对动物资源深层次利用的生活行为，反映当时人类具有很精细的生计开发思维。遗址中出土的石制品器型都比较小，与中国北方以狩猎采集经济为主的石片石器文化类似。特罗伊茨卡亚遗址与我国北方区域较为接近，是西伯利亚地区旧石器时代晚期以狩猎梅花鹿为经济生产的季节性古营地。该地点埋藏特点和古人类行为模式的研究，有助于我们理解中国境内相关类型遗址研究。同时，在深入分析亚洲古人类文化交流、古人类体质进化及对寒冷环境的适应性等方面亦具有重要研究意义。
Abstract:Троицкая site is located in south and central Siberia of Russia, on the right bank(the second terrace)of Enisey River which is the largest river in the Arctic Ocean system. The original landscape of this site is a soft and open terrace which is in the middle of the river. Its geographical coordinates measure 55°10'46"N, 92°04'50"E. Unearthed stone artifacts combination was based on stone flakes(work blank)and used hammering method for its single-deck hit processing, with the small convex edge scraper as the main body. This site dates back to 27ka B.P. Unearthed faunal bone fossils all belong to sika(Cervus nippon). Although the fossil specimens were broken, all skeletal elements with sika characters are well present, only the antlers are absent. The comprehensive analyses of the remains of sika show that in this site at the end of spring and the beginning of summer, in sika deer antlers fall off season, ancient human followed the habit that sika foraging together after winter, licking saline near saline-alkali land near the water and designed a purposeful professional hunting plan. The site of ancient human hunting activity, carried out the scale of hunting production aimed at sika deer. Fractured characteristic of bone fossils reflect the site of ancient residents attaches great importance to the deep use of animal resources. They got living materials from many ways, such as obtaining animal meat, extracting bone marrow as nutrient resources. Ancient human in deep utilization to animal resources shows they have a fine living use thinking. The type of stone products unearthed in site are relatively small, similar to the slice stoneware of stone culture in the Northern China, which is dominated by hunting and collecting economy. Троицкая site is relatively close to the northern area of our country, and is seasonal ancient camp of the economic production for hunting sika deer in Siberian region at the later Paleolithic. The study of buried characteristic and ancient human behavior patterns helps us understand the hominid evolution research in China. At the same time, in deep analysing Asia ancient human cultural exchange, the ancient human physical evolution and adaptability to cold environment, etc., this site found materials and the research have great significance.
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Key words:
- animal remains /
- Sika deer /
- ancient camp /
- seasonal /
- Siberia
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图 2
特罗伊茨卡亚遗址地貌、剖面及代表器物
Figure 2.
Physiognomy, cultural layers and typical artifacts of Троицкая site. (a), (c) and (d) are unearthed stone scraper, (b)site landform, (e)excavation section
表 1
梅花鹿颊齿数据测量(mm)
Table 1.
Measurements of Sika buccal teeth(mm)
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表 2
梅花鹿牙齿统计
Table 2.
Statistics of Sika teeth
名称/部位 DP2
(dp2)DP3
(dp3)DP4
(dp4)P2
(p2)P3
(p3)P4
(p4)M1
(m1)M2
(m2)M3
(m3)上 左 1 3 2 2 3 5 3 5 2 右 0 2 2 2 5 4 6 7 2 下 左 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 3 右 1 0 0 2 2 1 5 4 2 备注 不能辨别的牙齿碎片27件
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