Structural-optical mineralogy is a new branch of mineralogy, a study of the relationships between the optical properties and crystal structure of minerals. In the last 60 years, the works on structural-optical mineralogy cover essentially the following six aspects.1. The dependence of refractive index upon the chemical composition and density of the same mineral.2. The dependence of refractive index upon the crystal structure.3. The influence of the chemical bond, electronegativity, ionization potential, electron shell configuration of ions and the coordinate lumber on the refractive index of a mineral.4. The dependence of birefringence and optical sign upon the crystal structure of a mineral.5. The relation between the structural state and optical properties.6. The application of the crystal field theory to the study of color, pleochroism and absoption of a mineral.